Citations

For more on women’s participation in the nonimportation movement, refer to:

• Carol Berkin, Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence (New York: 2005)

• Joy Day Buel and Richard Buel, The Way of Duty: A Woman and Her Family in Revolutionary America (New York: Norton, 1984)

• Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980)

• Barbara Clark Smith, “Food Rioters and the American Revolution,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 51:1 (January 1994): 3-38

For more on women under femme coverture and of femme sole status, refer to:

• Patricia Cleary, Elizabeth Murray: A Woman’s Pursuit of Independence in Eighteenth-Century America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000)

• Ellen Hartigan-O’Connor, The Ties That Buy: Women and Commerce in Revolutionary America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009)

• Nancy Cott, “Divorce and the Changing Status of Women in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts,” The William and Mary Quarterly 33:4 (Oct. 1976): 586-614

• Hendrick Hartog, “Abigail Bailey’s Coverture: Law in a Married Woman’s Consciousness.” In Austin Sarat and Thomas R. Kearns, eds., Law in Everyday Life (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), 63-108

• Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture by the University of North Carolina Press, 1980)

• Mary Beth Seivens, Stray Wives: Marital Conflict in Early National New England (New York: New York University Press, 2005)

• Lisa Wilson, Life after Death: Widows in Pennsylvania, 1750-1850 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992)

• Karin Wulf, Not All Wives: Women of Colonial Philadelphia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005)

Hannah Griffitts quote found in: Karin Wulf, Not All Wives (2005), 41.

For more on the Adams’s correspondence and Abigail Adams, refer to:

• Jeanne E. Abrams, First Ladies of the Republic: Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, and the Creation of an Iconic American Role (New York: New York University Press, 2018)

• Catherine Allgor, Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2000)

• Elaine Forman Crane, “Abigail Adams, Gender Politics, and "The History of Emily Montague": A Postscript,” The William and Mary Quarterly 64:4 (Oct. 2007): 839-844

• Edith Belle Gelles, Editor, Abigail Adams Letters (Library of America, 2016)

• Woody Holton, Abigail Adams (Atria Books, 2010)

• Mary-Jo Kline, L. H. Butterfield, and Marc Friedlaender, Eds, The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762 – 1784 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1975)

• Sarah M.S. Pearsall, Atlantic Families: Lives and Letters in the Later Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Abigail and John Adams’s quotes cited in original letters, courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society.

For more on the 1776 New Jersey State Constitution and women voters refer to:

• Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (Basic Books: New York, 2000)

• Judith Apter Klinghoffer and Lois Elkis. “‘The Petticoat Electors’: Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey, 1776-1807.” Journal of the Early Republic 12:2 (Summer 1992): 159-193

• Jan Lewis, “Rethinking Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey, 1776-1807.” Rutgers Law Review 63:3 (January 2011): 1017-1035

• Mary Philbrook, “Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey Prior to 1807.” Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 57 (July 1939): 88

• J.R. Pole, “The Reform of Suffrage and Representation in New Jersey: 1774–1844,” PhD Dissertation (Princeton University, 1953)

• J.R. Pole,“Suffrage Reform and the American Revolution in New Jersey. Proceedings of the New York Historical Society 74 (July 1956): 173-193

• Edward Raymond Turner, “Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey: 1790-1807,” Smith College Studies in History 1 (1916): 165-187; Robert Forest Williams, The New Jersey State Constitution (OUP USA, 1990)

For more on women’s roles and participation in the American Revolution, refer to:

• Catherine Adams and Elizabeth Peck, For the Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)

• Carol Berkin, Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence (New York: 2005)

• Joy Day Buel and Richard Buel, The Way of Duty: A Woman and Her Family in Revolutionary America (New York: Norton, 1984)

• Jacqueline Jones, “The Mixed Legacy of the American Revolution for Black Women,” In Mary Beth Norton and Ruth M. Alexander, eds., Major Problems in Women’s History: Documents and Essays (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Co., 1996), 103-107

• Marla Miller, Betsy Ross and the Making of America (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2006)

• Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980)

• Barbara Clark Smith, “Food Rioters and the American Revolution,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 51:1 (January 1994): 3-38

• Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785-1812 (Vintage Books, 1991)

• Betty Wood, “Southern Women of Color and the American Revolution.” In S. Jay Kleinberg, Eileen Boris, and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. The Practice of U.S. Women’s History: Narratives, Intersections, and Dialogues (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 67-82

For more on female soldiers and camp followers, refer to:

• Holly A. Mayer, Belonging to the Army Camp Followers and Community During the American Revolution (University of South Carolina Press, 1999)

• Constance B. Schulz, “Daughters of Liberty: The History of Women in the Revolutionary War Pension Records.” Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration, 16:3 (1984), 139-153

• Harry M. Ward, George Washington’s Enforcers: Policing the Continental Army (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006)

• Alfred F. Young, Masquerade: The Life and Times of Deborah Sampson, Continental Soldier (New York: Vintage Books, 2004)

For more on female laborers and producers, refer to:

• Joan M. Jensen, Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986)

• Robert Smith, Manufacturing Independence: Industrial Innovation in the American Revolution (New York: Westholme Publishing, LLC, 2016)

For more on “female politicians,” refer to:

• Kate Davies, Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren: The Revolutionary Atlantic and the Politics of Gender (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)

• Owen S. Ireland, Sentiments of a British-American Woman: Esther DeBerdt Reed and the American Revolution (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2018)

• Catherine Kerrison, Claiming the Pen: Women and Intellectual Life in the Early American South (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015)

• Jeffrey H. Richards, Mercy Otis Warren (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1995)

• Sheila L Skemp, First Lady of Letters: Judith Sargent Murray and the Struggle for Female Independence (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009)

• Rosemarie Zagarri, A Woman’s Dilemma: Mercy Otis Warren and the American Revolution (Malden: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015)

• Rosemarie Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Politics in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007)

Esther Reed quote taken from Sentiments of An American Woman, 1780.

For more on Elizabeth Freeman, refer to:

• Emilie Piper and David Levinson, One Minute a Free Woman: Elizabeth Freeman and the Struggle for Freedom (Upper Housatonic Valley National Heritage Area, 2010)

• Mary Wilds, Mumbet: The Life and Times of Elizabeth Freeman: The True Story of a Slave who Won Her Freedom (Avvison Press, 1999)

For more on women, property confiscation, and loyalism in the American Revolution refer to:

• Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic (1980)

• Maya A. Jasanoff, Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World (New York: Vintage Books, 2012)

• Barbara B. Oberg, Women in the American Revolution: Gender, Politics, and the Domestic World (University of Virginia Press, 2019).